Modulation system



Oct. 14, 1952 a D 2,614,246

MODULATION SYSTEM Filed Sept. 25, 1949 2 SHEETSSHEET 1 |5 Fig-'- !3" A I I r-Ib 2 3 4' l I4 HIGH 1 PHASE DRIVER POWER MODULATOR STAGE CARRlER H OSCILLATOR V I a /5 9 I0 8 CRYSTAL CONTROLLED MODULATOR G DIPI-EQIR CARRIER AMPLIFIER um z OSCILLATOR I RESISTIVE 5 7 LOAD HIGH 5 PHASE DRIVER POWER a CARRIER MODULATOR STAGE OSCILLATOR '5 f 15a l v I 1 g 1 24, t 1

SOURCE OF CRYSTAL i-M DULATlON I--CONTROLLED Q/OLTAGE OSCILLATOR 5| Inventor": Robert. B. Dome,

Oct. 14, 1952 R. B. DOME 2,614,246

MODULATION SYSTEM Filed Sept. 23, 1949 2 SHEETSSHEET '2.

VESTIGIAL SIDE BAND FILTERS 70 SIDE BAND DISSIPITATO 1.0 E OUTPUT .75

Inventor: Robert, BDome,

u zae 0+4 His Attorney.

Patented Oct. 14, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT. -{O-FFICE MODULATION SYSTEM Robert B. Dome, Geddes Township, Onondaga County, N. Y., assignor to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York Applicationseptember 23, 19.49, .SerialNo..117 ,360

My inventionrelatesto modulation systems, and, more particularly, to modulationsystems Whichare adapted to provide an amplitude modulated output signal. Whilemy invention is of general utility, it is particularly suitable for use at ultra-high frequencies in situations wherein an amplitude modulated carrier wave of high power maybe required.

In certain instances, an ultra-high frequency carrier wave which is". modulated in amplitude is required, and particularlyanamplitude modulated ultra-high frequency carrier wave which is of relativelyhigh power. Such. arequirement is found in television transmitter systems wherein it is necessary to provide an amplitudemodulated output wave for the-picture signal. While certain arrangements heretofore proposed have utilized trio'de oscillators as a source of'amplitude'modulated output power, these 'triodes have a relatively low power output at ultra-high frequencies, such as, for example the television frequency band from 4.75 megacycles'of 890 megacycles. On the other hand, high power sources of considerably greater power than such triodes, which are suitable for use in the above-mentioned ultrahigh frequency range. such as the magnetron oscillator, do vnot lend themselves to amplitude "modulation due to the changes in operating characteristics'produced' by changes in the amplitude of the oscillation during modulation. The amplitude modulation curve of such oscillator is very irregular and the magnetron oscillator will cease to oscillate if a large degree' of modulation is employed. Accordingly, it is a primary-object of myinvention to provide a new and improved modulation system by means of which an output wave of high power'may be obtained.

constant amplitude "to produce 'anamplitude modulated output wave.

Briefly,xin accordance with one phase of my invention, there is provided a crystal controlled 11 Claims. 332-41) source-of carrier waves which is coupled toapair of phase-modulators. Modulation voltageis applied to the phase modulators so that the outputs of the :modulatorsare phase modulated ,in opposite senses. The lowrpower phase-modulatorsare used to synchronize a pairof highpower oscillators. Due to the relativelyjlow power required for synchronism, a very high. power oscillator may be controlled by a relatively low power phasemodulatedLdriver and the phase modulation of the driver will be faithfully reproducedat-high power. The high power oscillators areconnected to a. diplexer .unit which has two independent output channels, one of which contains thesum and the other thedifierence of. the twooscillator outputs. "One oflthe, output channels is connected to an antennasystem and provides .the useful output .of the. system, the other channel being connected to a dummyantenna.

.On positiv'epeaks of} modulation, theantenna output will beaflmaximumend will be equal .to

the sum of the two high power oscillator outputs.

At thepositive peak of themodulationcycle no power is wastedin the dummy antenna. By such a system,ithei high power oscillators are effectively crystal controlled. and, operate. at a constant amplitude of oscillation .but produce anamplitude modulated. output wave having a peak power equal to the sumxof the poweroutputsof thejhigh power oscillators.

The features of my invention whichjI believe to be novelare set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. My invention itself, however, both as .to its organization and method of operation,,together with'further objects and advantages thereonxmay best be understood by .reference to the following description takenin' connection with .theaccompanying drawings ,in whichFig. 1 is a blockdiagram, ofa modulation system constructed in accordance withithe principles-of my invention; Fig. 2 is a schematicidiagram of a portion'ofthesystem of Fig. 1; Figs.

3;and 4 are vector'diagrams which'illustra'te the operation of the circuit of"Fig.'2; Fig. 5 isa schematic ;di agram of another portion of the circuit ofFig. 1; Figs. 6 and"? are ector diagrams which illustrate the operation of .the Cll'Clllll'jOf Fig. 5:, andFig. 8 is .a characteristic curve of aportion of the circuit ofFiggl.

iReferring'now'tothe modulation system which is .shown in block diagram form in Fig. 1, oscillations at'carrier'frequency' are produced by a crystal controlledoscillator I. "The output'of crystal'oscillator l is, connected to afirstphase modulatorfl, to which are connected in cascade relation in the order named, a driver stage 3, and a high power oscillator 4. The output of crystal oscillator I is also connected to a second phase modulator 5, to which are connected in cascade relation in the order named, a driver stage 6, and a high power oscillator I. A source of modulation voltage, which has been illustrated by the microphone 8, is connected to a modulation amplifier 9, the output of modulation amplifier 9 being connected to the phase modulators 2 and 5. The outputs of high power oscillators 4 and I are connected to a diplexer unit I0, one output channel of diplexer I being connected to an antenna system II and the other output channel of diplexer I0 being connected to a resistive load I2.

Considering the operation of the above described system as a whole, oscillations which are produced at carrier frequency in the crystal controlled oscillator I are coupled to the input circuit of phase modulators 2 and 5. In the input circuit of phase modulator 2 the oscillator voltage is shifted-by 90 to provide two components of voltage which are indicated by the dotted vectors I3, I4 the voltages I3, I4 being combined in the output of the phase modulator 2 to derive a resultant voltage indicated vectorially at I5. Modulation voltage from the amplifier 9 is supplied to the phase modulator 2 in such a manner as to vary the amplitude of voltages I3, I4 in opposite directions so as to produce a phase rotation of the resultant voltage I5, positive modulation voltage operating to shift the voltage I in the direction of the arrow shown in the drawing. The limits of modulation are set so that the maximum phase rotation of resultant voltage I5 is 90. On positive peaks of modulation, the voltage I5 will be coincident with the vertical axis and on negative peaks of modulation the voltage I5 will be coincident with the horizontal axis.

The oscillator voltage from oscillator I is also supplied to the input circuit of phase modulator 5 and is shifted in phase to produce two 90 opposed vectors I3a and Ma. The component voltages I3a, Ma are combined to produce a resultant voltage I 5a in the output circuit of phase modulator 5. It will be noted that the polarity of component voltage Ida has been reversed from its polarity in phase modulator 2 so that the resultant voltage l5a is displaced 90 from the resultant voltage I5 produced in the output of phase modulator 2.

The modulation voltage from amplifier 9 is supplied to phase modulator 5 so that positive modulation causes the resultant voltage I 5a to rotate in the direction of the arrow shown in the drawing. Due to the reversed polarity of vector I 4a the direction of rotation is opposite to the rotation of voltage I5 and therefore the outputs of the phase modulators 2, 5 are phase modulated in opposite senses. It may be mentioned here that suitable frequency multiplier stages may be included between the phase modulator stages 2, 5 and the driver stages 3, 6. Such frequency multiplier stages may be useful in the event that a low frequency crystal controlled oscillator I is to be employed.

The driver stages 3, 6 receive the phase modulated output of the phase modulators 2, 5, or the outputs of suitable frequency multipliers therefrom, and provide suflicient output power to drive the high power carrier oscillators 4, 1. The high power carrier oscillators 4, 1 are operated at the desired carrier frequency and are of suitable construction so that they may be synchronized by the of the circuit of Fig. 1.

driver stages over the entire frequency range of the phase modulated driver voltages. The driver stages 3, 6 are connected to the high power carrier oscillators 4, I through a suitable network to be described more fully hereinafter.

A relatively low power driver voltage is satisfactory to lock the high power carrier oscillator in synchronism therewith so that the phase modulated voltages I5, I5a are reproduced at the outputs of the carrier oscillators 4, I at the high power output level of the carrier oscillators.

A diplexer unit it is used to combine the constant amplitude outputs of the high power carrier oscillators 4, I so as to obtain an amplitude modulated output wave therefrom. The diplexer I0 is preferably a unit wherein the outputs of the carrier oscillators may be combined without interaction upon the individual oscillator circuits themselves. The diplexer unit I0 is provided with a pair of independent output channels, one of which channels is equal to the sum of the high power oscillator output voltages and the other of which channels is equal to the difierence of the two output voltages. The channel of diplexer I0 which contains the sum of the carrier oscillator outputs is illustrated in Fig. 1 as being connected to the antenna system I I.

Inasmuch as the high power carrier oscillators 4, I are synchronized with the output from the phase modulators 2, 5, we may represent the ou puts of the carrier oscillators as vectors I5 and I511 which in their unmodulated positions are in phase relationship. Upon positive peaks of modulation the vectors I5 and IE1; will be rotated by the maximum amount, in opposite directions, so that they both fall on the same ordinate and will produce an output voltage which is the sum of the two carrier oscillator outputs as is illustrated by the dotted vector IE. However, on positive peaks of modulation the difference voltage in the other channel of the diplexer unit is equal to zero. This is readily apparent when it is seen that the vector I5 is displaced when the difference voltage is obtained and the two voltages I5 and I5a rotate in opposite directions so as to produce, at the positive peak of modulation, equal vectors which are of opposite phase. Thus, during positive peaks of modulation there is no power being dissipated in the resistive load I2 and the power being radiated from the antenna system II is equal to the sum of the power outputs of both high power oscillators.

Having considered generally a complete modu lator system, its various parts may now be considered in detail. The following description of the detailed figures should be read in connection with the block diagram of Fig. 1 as well as the detailed illustrations of the other figures. In order to illustrate more completely the operation of the phase modulators 2, 5 and the way in which oppositely sensed phase modulated voltages may be obtained therefrom, I have illustrated in Fig. 2 a circuit diagram of this portion Referring to Fig. 2, the output of crystal controlled oscillator I is illustrated as connected through a coupling capacitor 20 to a first tuned circuit 2I which is resonant at the oscillator frequency. Tuned circuit 2| is coupled to a second tuned circuit 22 which is also resonant to the oscillator frequency. Due to the fact that the tuned circuits 2|, 22 are resonant to the same frequency and are coupled together, the voltages produced thereacross at resonance will be 90 out of phase. The voltage 5 produced across the first tuned circuit 2| will be 90 out of phase with respect to the voltage produced across the secoridituned .circuit22. The voltages across tuned circuits2 I, 22 are supplied to the control electrodes of modulator tubes123,

24. The anode circuit -of tubes 23, 24 are connected to a source of unidirectional potential 25 through a center tapped transformer 26 which is also tuned toflthe carri'er frequency :by means of 'a "capacitor-:21. The :other :end of tuned .-circui-ts I 2 I, 22 i's-corm'ected through filter inetworks 28,29

-to- -ground through--.za source of :biasing poten- -.'Ihe:.sou-rce. :of modulation voltage 13. :is .con-

.nected' through.:a-acoupling capacitor-34 to the controlelectrode of amelectron discharge -;device -32, device: 32 being operateduas =a- :phase inverter stage. I 'hecutputsfrom .the'anode load resistor 33 (and cathode load: resistor 34 .of thephase inverter stage are .connected through coupling capacitors 35, 36 to the junction points of tuned circuits 2|, 22 and the filter circuits 28, 29. The phase modulator-521s;substantially identical to the phase modulator 2 .and similar reference numerals of identical elements therein have been 5 applied thereto. The modulation voltage from the phase inverter 32 is supplied to the filter circuits 28, 29 of phase..-.modulator 5 through the capacitors 31, 38.

.. In considering the operation of phase modulator 2 during the modulation 'cyclethereof; reference is now'had 'to 3 wherein there is illustrated a vector diagram of the various voltages associated therewith. The voltages produced across tuned circuits 2| and '221are illustrated vectorially by the voltages 39 and 40, these Vectors combining in" the "output circuit of the modulator to provide a resultant'voltage fl. -In'the absence of modulation, "voltage "4| 'will'be at "45 "phase angle with respect to the voltages-39, '40. However 'if the modulation voltage is positive so as to produce a positive voltageacrossfilter circuit 28 'and a negative voltage'across filter circuit 29, the voltage 39 willbe increased=to a value indicated by'the vector -39a and the yoltage-40 will be decreased to a value indicated by the "vector 49a. Theresultant'voltage'intheoutput of the modulator'is thus rotatedinphase by an amount A0, to the new "position illustrated by the vector 4 la. However, if "the -modulationvoltage is negative so thata negative voltage appears across filter circuit "28 and" 'a' p'osit'ive voltage appears 'acrossfilter'circuit'29 the situation is reversed so that the-resultant voltage 4! is rotated'in the opposite direction -by=an amount A02 'tothe 'positionr-illustrated' by the vector 41b.

InFig.'-4 there is illustrated vectorially the voltages associated *wi'th the phase "modulator 5. In Fig. 4 vectors "produced :under' similarcondi- "tions' 'as' those in :Fi'g. 3h'ave been indicated by "thesame' reference numerals.

It will be noted that 'the' vecton lll "is illustrated as reversed 180 in' phase wi'thwespect to'the position in 3. This may be conveniently obtained by reversing the connectionsof tuned circuit 22"so' that the =voltageproducedth'ereacross is reversed-"in "phase,

or by "anyother suitable phasereversing means. With the voltage" 48 of Qppositephas'e, the resultant voltage 4 l flies inthe second 'qua'drant'and in "the absence" of modulation 'will'have a phase relationship with respect to the component voltages 39., 40. A positive-modulationvoltage rotates the resultantyoltagey il inithe ppposite direction from that ofEi'gZ B as-will be "apparent by a comparison 'ofthe-vectcrs or the'twofigures.

6 Whil'e..lnhavecjndicated":the :phasemoduiators 2,. 5.-':aS beingfofza .;particularztype; it -will beamderstoodithatyarious: other types so'fzphasezimodulators :mayrbe :employed 'witlrsatisfactoryzresults.

The "only requirement "which must i bezmaintained is that the resultant phase modulator output voltages must be modulated in opposite senses and the phase relationship of one of the components of the resultant voltage of one phase modulator must be reversed so as to provide the opposed resultant voltages 4 I .showninFigs. 3

and. 4.

In Fig. 5 there is illustrated .the Ihighpower section of the modulator.systemtogether with the driver stages 3, 6 therefor. .ReferringtoFig. 5 the output from phase .modulator- 12 is-supplied to the primary of an input transformer 98 which is included in ithejdriver stage 3. The tuned secondary of transformer 99 is coupled to the cathode or a driver tube 9 I, the control-electrode of driver tube -9l "being connected to-ground 50. "Energizing :potential for the magnetron is supplied by a battery 5| which is connected .between the anode and cathode thereof. A magnet, which is not shown in the drawing, is used to produce the required axial. flux. A pickup loop 52 is connected 170..01'16 of the cavities of the magnetron and feeds through a coaxial transmission line 53. A branch circuit is connectedto coaxial line 53 at any convenient point therealong and consists of a quarter-wave: coaxial transmission line section 54 which terminates in a short circuiting. plunger 55. The quartertwave section 541s tapped near its short circuiting point and another section of coaxial transmission line 56 feeds into this tap from the coupling capacitor 46. It will be.:apparent that the driver stage 3 supplies energy through coaxial transmission line sections-56,- 54: and ;53 to :the resonant cavities I of. the magnetron oscillator.

In order toanalyze :the way in which the high power oscillator. is synchronized and the vtpower .requiredto :maintain'a high power oscillator locked in. synchronism withxthe driver stage,;let

us first consideri'the case wherein-the driving .-.voltageucomprises a frequency modulated carrier *wave :ofccnter .frequencysFc and having' a ffre- 'quency deviation :from center frequency, or fre- .quencyrswingof Fa. "Sucha system wouldbe :des1rable. for :a :television sound transmitter wherein arfrequencyvmodulated carrier output of :high. powerri required In such a s I V v ystemthc .phase. modulated. driver chains, illustrated in F1g.;:l,: would not be necessary'as an amplitude modulateclssignakis not required. "However, the advantages:ofithesystem of Fig. 1 'of high'power "steprup .Inay :be obtained insu ha fr I I a equency .modulated system by'utilrzing a single high power :gscillator and looking it .in synchronism with a requencyxmodulated -cl ri=ver sta of" low power. ge relatively .The minimum driving voltage necessary to maintain a synchronous relationship between the where,

E1=drivin voltage Ez=voltage of synchronized oscillator at the point where E1 is measured Fd=frequency deviation Fc=carrier frequency Q=oscillator effective Q driving voltage to oscillator voltage:

E 10 E 62s i0 Therefore,

If we now consider the ratio of driving power to oscillator power and assuming the driving voltage and oscillator voltage are produced across an oscillator impedance Z, we have from Ohms law:

E 3 51 5. ill P, E? E2 where Pi driving power P2=0SCil1atOr output power Therefore, the ratio of driving power to oscillator power becomes in the numerical example given above:

It is apparent from the numerical example of Equation 2 that an extremely small power output from the driver stage is required to maintain the high power oscillator 4 in synchronism therewith. In the example given for a television sound transmitter, a 100 kilowatt magnetron oscillator may be driven by a .64 kilowatt driver stage.

While the above analysis is satisfactory for a system wherein the driving voltage consists of a frequency modulated carrier wave, a situation entirely suitable when an angle modulated output wave is required, if an amplitude modulated wave is desired; such as is required, for example, in a television picture transmitter, the entire phase modulation system of Fig. 1 may be employed. In order to apply Equation 1 to a phase modulation system such as is illustrated in Fig. 1, we must derive the equivalent ratio of Fd/Fc for phase modulation. The relationship between the phase shift M in radians of a phase modulation system and the equivalent frequency deviation Fa of a frequency modulation system is determined by the equation:

" Fa=Mp Fa (3) Where,

Fa=modulating frequency M =phase shift in radians Substituting Equation 3 in Equation 1 we have:

Let us now apply Equation 4 to the phase modulation system of Fig. 1, wherein the maximum phase shift m is 1/4 radians. If we assume a maximum modulating frequency of 4 megacycles, which is the upper frequency limit of the conventional television picture signal, a center frequency of 628 megacycles which is again suitable for the picture channel of a television transmitter operating in the ultra-high frequency band, and an effective oscillator Q of 20 for the magnetron oscillator, we have, upon substituting in Equation 4, as the ratio of driving voltage to oscillator voltage the ratio:

E2 628Xl0" Therefore,

Substituting in Equation 2 so as to obtain the ratio of driving power to oscillating power, we have:

It is thus apparent that in the numerical example given above for a television picture transmitter a kilowatt magnetron may be driven by a 4 kilowatt driver stage, a step-up of power of twenty-five to one being obtained between the driver and output stages. I

In considering Equation 4, it will be apparent that many applications may arise wherein an amplitude modulated signal is required and in which a relatively narrow frequency band is utilized at the source of modulation. In such-applications, the Q of high power oscillators, such as the magnetron oscillators illustratedin Fig. 5, may be satisfactory to allow a frequency deviation over the relatively narrow frequency band required by the narrow band modulation voltage. However, in connection with the numerical example given to illustrate the application of Equation 4, a relatively low effective oscillator Q has been assumed so as to provide for synchronization of the high power oscillator over the relatively wide frequency band of 4 megacycles which is required when the television. picture signal is used as a source of modulation. In such a situation any high power oscillator having a relatively low effective Q may readily be employed. In the event that a magnetron type of high power oscillator is to be employed, the Q of the magnetron may be conveniently controlled by employing cavities of slightly different dimensions in the magnetron so that each cavity will reso nate at a slightly different frequency within the over-all required frequency band. A band pass effect is thus obtained instead of a single resonant frequency. However, it is evident that other methods of controlling the Q of the magnetron oscillator will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly it will be understood that I do not wish to be limited to such an arrangement, as the arrangement is cited merely for the pur- 9.; pose of illustrating theadaptabilitv of a magnetron oscillator to the wide-band application discussed above.

It will be apparent that the same considerations discussed in connectionwith driver-stage and high power oscillator twill app yecguallywell to the relationships of driver stage 6 and high power oscillator 1. In Fig. 5 circuit elements associated with the-driver stage-6 and the high power oscillator I have been-indicated by-the same reference numerals as corresponding elements in driver stage 3 and-oscillator! and therefore, a detailed description thereof is-considered unnecessary herein.

Havin analyzed the relationships between the driver stages 3, 6 and high power-oscillators- 4, l,

we may now consider the d-iplexer circuit- H3- wherein the outputs of the high power oscillators t, I are combined. The diplexer unit l may be of any well known type and is shown as a-lum'ped circuit type of diplexer. Briefly, the diplexer unit comprises a first input transformer having a primary 60 and a center tapped secondary Winding 6!. The output of oscillator lnis confnected through coaxial transmission 1i ne 5 3 to the primary winding fill-so thatthere is produoed across secondary 6| the oscillatoroutput' voltage from oscillator l. Thedipleireralsoincludesa second input transformer havinga primary wind: ing 62- and a secondary Winding Secondary windings Si, 63 are tuned to the carrier frequency by means of capacitors Bland 65; The secondary winding 634s connected from the cen; ter tap of winding 6| to ground. A resistive load circuit 66 is connected from one end ty-winding ti to ground and a secondresistive load circuit 6? is connected from the other end of" winding 6| to ground. 7

Considerin the operation of; the diplener unit just described, the high power oscillator llinduces in secondary winding St a voltage of 'a polarity indicated by the solid arrows. The induced voltage in winding 6 produces a flow current inthe direction of the solid arrows through the load circuits 6t, 61. The output voltage from high power oscillator 1- will induce in the secondary winding 63 a voltage in thedirection of the dotted arrow and this induced voltage will cause a flow of current through the load 'circuits 6,6, 6l

in the direction indicated; by; the dotted arrows. It is evident that the voltage frorn the two; osoil lators 4, I will add in theresistivelo ad circuit 6.6

so that the summation of the oscillator voltages,

will be obtained therein, and" the oscillator voltages will subtract in the load circuit 61-. Due to the fact that the oscillator inputs are connected in a balanced bridge-arrangement;substanially no current from oneoscillator source will flow through the other oscillatorsource and there is substantially no interactionbetween the two wasted therein in the form of -heat, Such anarrangernent is necessary for a televisign picture transmitter operating under; present standards wherein peak power must be produced during positive. peaksof modulationvoltage. The power supplied to load circuit 66 is connected through cated inblockdiagram format 68 to an antenna systeLmJlZ.v The. side .bandfiltersfifl are necessary? to obtain the standardtelevision picture side band distribution. The conventional vestigial side band.

charaoteristichas.beenindicated at 69., it being evident that the slopin'gsidethereof is somewhat below. the frequencyofct-he.- carrier fa to transmit the upper side band, thicarrier, and a. portion only of the loweriside band. The complementary vestigial characteristic curve. Which is' produced by the other vestigial side band'sfilter is illustrated at 79, it beingappar'ent that such characteristic. is disposed tol transmit that portion of thelower sicleiband suppressed by- 69. The out putof the complementary side band-filter is connected to-a sideband-dissipater 'I-I whichmay compriseanyform of resistive load circuit wherein the unwanted vestige ofthe lowerside band-is dissipated in the form of heat.

As has been stated above, the diplexer unit is provided with two load circuits 66; 6-7 'the lo ad circuit 66--being supplied with the sum or the two oscillator output voltages and the load-circuit Bl being suppliedwith the di-fierence' of the two os cillator outputvoltages. In Fig. dthere isillustrated vectorially, the load-circuit conditions 'of loadcircuit 66 during the modulation cycle. Referring to Fig. 6-, vector. A represents the output voltage from the high power' oscillator 4, and

vector B represents the oscillator voltage from high power oscillator 1', these've ctors being illustrated in their unmodulated positions. Onpositive modulation ,fvector A; rotates counterclock wise, whilevectorB rotatesclock -wise. At positive modulation thetwo vectors will lie on the Y-axis and will "add arithmetically to a sum value equalto t-wicethat of single vector. Such a summation value is illustrated by the vector Q which is coincident with the Y-aXis of the diagram. At the unmodulated position the vector sum will be equal to 1.41, of the value of a single vector n asfbe h hdi a gd by. he. vec o along the Y-axi s At l00% modulationthe two.

vectorsAand B will lie, in opposed. relation along the X-axis and will produce a combined outputof zero at the point E in Fig. 6, As has) been dis: cussed more fully in connectionwith Big; 1', the

with A. n B. i l 11. a a ang f, 4,5? in e r i and Second. uadr n s n he ihm s u lated positions. This is because the. oscillator output voltage is locked into synchrpnisinfwith e utput, he. phas m hl fi 9 t t any phase variation of the; outputs. thereof is dupl'i cated at high power by the oscillatorf'output tage In investigating the relationships. at the load circuit 61, which is. supplied with the difierence.

of the two oscillator: output voltages, rzef is, now madetoFig, '7v wherein there jis i d vectorially the two oscillatoroutputvoltagesand their r iQhs h h m d' a'tl or ide! W av seen. roth.- adis u idr of th dih exer. ir i th hange Qh hi i h s'e from os lr. ater Dra ed e ress ach. oad ircu t ith h s he whease hat hei to a r em ins. in th h ts ee 1 a occ es in Fig 6.. However, the output of oscillatorl is. qupled. ead ir t i w' h oh si e polarity so, that. the. vector 3, now falls, in the. r h, uadrant. Whereas it, occupied the econd quadra t, in' Fi 6; T e. wbl'vc rs A, an -B are Shown ihih e r. unre u at r s hhhs. as '7. During positive modulation. the vector A r0} tates counter-clockwise and the vector'Brotates clockwise. At 100% positive modulation the two vectors will lie in opposed relation along the Y-axis and the summation of vectors A and B will be equal to zero as is illustrated by the point C of Fig. 7. At zero modulation the vectors A and B combine to give a resultant which will be 1.41 of the value of a single vector and will lie along the X-axis as is indicated by the vector D. At 100% modulation the vectors will lie along the X-axis and will add to produce a peak amplitude of twice the value of a single vector as is indicated by the vector E.

It is evident from the comparison of Figs. 6 and '7 that the total output of the diplexer unit is constant, the power merely shifting from one load circuit of the diplexer unit to the other load circuit of the diplexer unit according to the mod ulation cycle. It is also evident from Fig. 6 that the output from load circuit 65, which is supplied to the antenna system, contains no phase modulation. That is, the summation of vectors A and B always coincides with the Y-axis and varies from an amplitude of zero to an amplitude of twice the value of the individual vectors during the modulation cycle. The same condition is also met by the output voltage from diplexer load circuit 61 shown in Fig. 7, although the same is rotated 90 from the output of Fig. 6. There is thus obtained from two phase modulated high power sources, which are operating at constant amplitude, an amplitude modulated carrier wave of a peak power output which is equal to the sum of the power outputs of the two sources. It should be emphasized that at the positive peak of modulation there is substantially no power being dissipated in the load circuit 67, all of the power output of the two high power oscillators 8, I being supplied to the antenna system.

Inasmuch as the amplitude modulated signal is obtained by taking components of the rotating vectors which are proportional to the sine or cosine of the rotating vectors, it is to be expected that the modulation characteristic curve of the system is in the form of a sinusoidal function. The modulation characteristic of the system has been illustrated in Fig. 8 wherein the modulation curve is in the form of a portion of a sine wave from zero to 90. The voltage supplied to the modulation system is indicated along the abscissa and the voltage output from the diplexer unit is indicated along the ordinate. It is evident that the modulation curve 15 is substantially linear up to 75% of maximum output, but departs considerably from linearity between '75% and 100% of maximum output.

If the system is to be used for a television picture transmitter wherein an amplitude modulated carrier wave of high power is required, the nonlinearity in the above mentioned portion of the modulation characteristic may be used for synchronizing signals which carry no gradations and so the non-linearity in this region will be of no practical consequence. In Fig. 8 there has been illustrated a typical television picture signal modulation voltage which is indicated by the wave form 16 and which may be applied to the modulator system. It will be noted that the synchronizing signals H, which form a part of the composite television signal 75, have been increased in amplitude relative to the total amplitude of the composite signal. This is necessary so as to produce in the output of the modulator system a synchronizing pulse height which is of the total amplitude of the composite signal, as is required by present day television standards.

It is evident that the required stretching of the synchronizing pulses may be obtained by reference to the sinusoidal shape of the modulation curve. If the peak to peak modulating signal is 1.0, the synchronizing pulses will occupy 46% of this range to produce 25% synchronizing pulse modulation in the output. This is readily apparent when it is realized that the arc sine of .75 is 48.6 degrees, leaving 41.4 degrees to go to degrees; therefore, 41.4/90 equals .46, the percentage required for synchronizing pulses. If there is a slight depression in the deep black region of the picture signal, the black components of the picture may also be stretched a trifie to correct for this condition. It will be apparent that the increased amplitude of synchronizing pulses may conveniently be done in the pulse generator which generates the synchronizing pulses, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The composite signal from the modulation system is indicated by the wave form 18, this wave form giving the required ratio of synchronizing pulse amplitude to total amplitude of the picture signal.

While I have illustrated the modulation system in connection with a television picture transmitter wherein an amplitude modulated carrier wave of high power is required, it is evident that the modulation system may also be employed in situations wherein sine wave modulation, such as voice modulation is employed. In such situations a suitable fixed bias is applied to the phase modu lators so that the vectors A, B of Fig. 6 in their unmodulated positions are angularly separated sufficiently to give a resultant voltage along the Y-axis which is equal to the value of a single vector A or B. Predistorted modulation is then fed into the phase modulators so as to produce symmetrical modulation of the output voltage. The distortion required for the modulation signal is such as to produce a ratio of 2 to 1 between the positive and negative modualtion peaks of the modulation voltage. Such a predistorted modulation signal may conveniently be obtained by employing remote cutoff amplifier tubes as the audio amplifiers and choosing the static bias point and peak swing of the audio signals so as to satisfy the above requirements. Some over-all negative feedback may also be employed in the amplifier of such a predistorted modulation system so as to correct for minor irregularities in the over-all characteristics.

From the foregoing, it is seen that the invention makes it possible to provide an amplitude modulated carrier output wave of relatively high power which may be directly crystal controlled at the carrier frequency. With such a system, high power, ultra-high frequency oscillators, such as the magnetron oscillator and the like which have previously been considered unsatisfactory for amplitude modulation operation, may be operated at a constant amplitude in a modulation system in which an amplitude modulated output wave is produced, the peak power of the amplitude modulated output wave being equal to the sum of the power outputs of the oscillators employed. Also, by the invention, a high power angle modulated carrier wave may be produced from a very low power angle modulated driver source by employing a free running, high power carrier wave oscillator and synchronizing the same by the driver source so that the angle modulation of the low power driver source is reproduced at high power in the output of the carrier wave oscillator.

' While the present invention has been described by reference to particular embodiments thereof, it will be understood that numerous modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without actually departing from the invention. 1, therefore, aim in the appended claims to cover all such equivalent variations as come within the true spirit and scope of the foregoing disclosure.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent in the United States is:

1. The method of producing an amplitude modulated carrier wave which comprises the steps of, producing a pair of carrier waves, phase modulating said carries waves in opposite senses, producing a pair of output waves, synchronizing said output Waves with said phase modulated carrier waves and combining said synchronized output waves to produce said amplitude modulated wave.

2. The method of obtaining an amplitude modulated carrier wave which comprises the steps of, producing a pair of carrier waves, phase modulating said carrier waves in opposite senses, generating a pair of output waves of carrier frequency, synchronizing said output waves with said phase modulated carrier waves, and combining said synchronized output wave to derive a useful output therefrom.

3. The method of obtaining an amplitude modulated carrier wave comprising the steps of, producing a pair of low power waves, phase modulating one of said low power waves in a first sense to derive a first phase modulated wave, phase modulating the other of said low power waves in an opposite sense to derive a second phase modulated wave, producing a pair of high power waves of carrier frequency, synchronizing said high power waves with said first and second phase modulated Waves, and combining said synchronized high power waves to obtain a high power amplitude modulated wave.

4. The method of obtaining an amplitude modulated carrier wave comprising the steps of, producing a pair of low power wave of carrier frequency, phase modulatin one of said low power waves in a first sense, phase modulating the other of said low power waves in an opposite sense, producing a pair of high power waves of carrier frequency, synchronizing said high power waves with aid oppositely sensed phase modulated waves, and combining said synchronized high power waves to obtain a high power amplitude modulated wave.

5. The method of obtaining an amplitude modulated carrier wave comprising the steps of, producing a pair of crystal controlled carrier Waves, phase modulating one of said carrier waves in a first sense to derive a first phase modulated wave, phase modulating the other of said carrier waves in an opposite sense to derive a second phase modulated wave, producing a pair of output waves of carrier frequency, synchronizing said output waves with said first and second phase modulated waves, and combining said synchronized output Waves to obtain an amplitude modulated carrier wave.

6. The method of obtaining an amplitude modulated carrier wave comprising the steps of, producing a pair of low power waves, phase modulating said low power waves in opposite senses to obtain a pair of phase modulated low power waves, generating a pair of high power waves of carrier frequency, locking said high power waves in synchronism with said phase modulated low power waves, and combining said syncln'onized high power waves thereby to produce an amplitude modulated carrier wave.

7. The method of producing an angle modulated output wave which comprises the steps of, producing a carrier wave, angularly modulating said carrier wave, independently generating an output wave of carrier frequency, and synchronizing said output wave with said angle modulated carrier wave.

8. The method of obtaining a high power angle modulated carrier wave which comprises the steps of, generating a low power carrier wave, modulating in angle said low power carrier wave, independently generating an output wave of carrier frequency, and synchronizing said output wave with said modulated control wave thereby to obtain a high power angle modulated carrier wave.

9. An amplitude modulation system comprising, a control oscillator, a source of modulation voltage, means for obtaining from said oscillator a pair of carrier waves modulated in opposite senses in accordance with said modulation voltage, a pair of carrier wave oscillators, means for synchronizing said carrier wave oscillators with said phase modulated control waves, and means for combining said synchronized carrier Wave oscillators thereby to obtain an amplitude modulated output wave.

10. An amplitude modulation system comprising, a crystal controlled oscillator, a source of modulation voltage, means for obtaining from said oscillator a pair of carrier waves phase modulated in opposite senses in accordance with said modulation voltage, a pair of carrier wave oscillators, means for synchronizing said carrier wave oscillators with said phase modulated carrier Waves, and diplexing means for combining said carrier wave oscillators thereby to obtain an amplitude modulated carrier wave.

11. An amplitude modulation system comprising a crystal controlled oscillator, a source of modulation voltage, means for obtaining from said crystal controlled oscillator a pair of carrier waves phase modulated in opposite senses in accordance with said modulation voltage, a pair of high power oscillators, means for synchronizing said high power oscillators with said phase modulated carrier waves, a pair of load impedances, and diplexing means for obtaining sum and difference waves across said load impedances without interaction between said high power oscillators, and means for utilizing the voltage produced across at least one of said load impedances.

ROBERT B. DOME.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,673,002 Fearing June 12, 1928 2,172,107 Plebanski Sept. 5, 1939 

